Bulgaria’s electricity sector is undergoing a significant transformation, shifting from a traditional reliance on coal and nuclear power towards a more diversified and sustainable energy mix. This evolution is driven by domestic policy initiatives, European Union (EU) climate commitments, and a growing emphasis on energy security.
As of 2025, Bulgaria’s electricity generation is predominantly sourced from low-carbon technologies. Nuclear power contributes approximately 42% of the total electricity, primarily from the Kozloduy Nuclear Power Plant, which operates two VVER-1000 reactors with a combined capacity of 2,000 MW. Coal-fired power, mainly lignite, accounts for about 22%, marking a decline from previous years. Renewable energy sources are on the rise, with solar power providing over 14%, hydropower around 8%, and wind energy approximately 4% of the electricity mix.
The Kozloduy Nuclear Power Plant remains central to Bulgaria’s energy strategy. In 2023, Bulgaria initiated plans to expand its nuclear capacity by constructing two new reactors at the Kozloduy site, utilizing Westinghouse technology. These reactors are expected to add a total of 2,300 MW and are projected to be operational by 2033. This expansion aims to enhance energy independence and reduce reliance on fossil fuels
Bulgaria has made significant strides in renewable energy deployment. By the end of 2024, solar power capacity reached approximately 3.9 GW, a substantial increase from 1 GW in 2020. The country aims to further expand solar capacity, with potential for at least another 4 GW by 2030 . Hydropower remains a vital component, with plans to add 870 MW of capacity by 2030, including the development of pumped storage facilities to manage variability in renewable generation
Historically, coal has been a significant energy source for Bulgaria. However, the country plans to phase out coal-fired power plants by 2038, aligning with EU climate objectives. The Maritsa East complex, the largest coal mining and power generation site in Southeastern Europe, is central to this transition. Efforts are underway to support affected regions and workers through just transition initiatives, including EU funding of €1.2 billion approved in December 2023
In response to geopolitical challenges, particularly the cessation of Russian gas supplies in 2022, Bulgaria has taken steps to diversify its energy sources. The country has established gas interconnectors with Greece and Serbia, enabling access to liquefied natural gas (LNG) and alternative pipeline routes. These developments enhance Bulgaria’s energy security and integration into the regional energy market
Bulgaria’s energy sector is poised for continued transformation, with a focus on increasing renewable energy capacity, expanding nuclear power, and reducing carbon emissions. The government’s commitment to achieving a 34.48% share of energy from renewable sources by 2030, and 55.51% in the electricity sector, reflects a strategic shift towards sustainability and alignment with EU climate goals .
